%% file ESAPROC.TPL = LaTeX ESA proceedings manuscript template %% last: March 8, 1995 %% %% Instructions are giving in the %% ADAPT, NOTE comments etc. below. %% Advice: copy this file to change it into your own ESA manuscript, %% and keep this file intact as example; LaTeX it twice. %% %% I have slapped this together for ESA's SIMURIS workshop in Feb 1992. %% ESA should have done a better job in the mean time... %% %% Figures and tables: see templettes (minitemplates) at file's end. %% %% For BibTeX users: the in-text referencing and the layout of the %% xx.BBL file are not up to ESA formats, but they will do; you may edit %% the latter yourself if you want to comply exactly to their format. %% Directions below in section References. %% Using this template with BibTeX requires my bibstyle file ESABIB.BST. %% Ask me for it if you want to use BibTeX. %% %% Rob Rutten, Sterrekundig Instituut Utrecht, March 1995 %% rutten@fys.ruu.nl or rrutten@solar.stanford.edu %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \documentstyle[psfig]{article} %% ADAPT: psfig out? \textheight=26cm %% ADAPT: smaller value for American paper size \textwidth=17cm \hoffset=-3mm %% ADAPT: to your printer habits \voffset=-25mm %% ADAPT: to your printer habits \pagestyle{empty} %% (number output pages by hand in blue pencil) \sloppy \flushbottom \oddsidemargin=0mm \columnsep=1cm \topmargin=0cm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% INPUT FILES %% \input{rrmacros} %% ADAPT: your own LaTeX macros %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% LINE SPACING \def\esaspacing #1{\small \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{#1} \normalsize} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ESA SECTION HEADS %% Use: blank line + \esasection{SECTION HEADER} %% blank line + \esasubsection{Subsection Header} %% blank line + \esasubsubsection{Subsubsection Header} \newcounter{esanr} \newcounter{subesanr}[esanr] \newcounter{subsubesanr}[subesanr] \newcommand{\esasection}[1]{\stepcounter{esanr} \par \vspace{2ex} \begin{center} {\theesanr.~~#1} \end{center} \nopagebreak \vspace*{-1.3ex}} \newcommand{\esasubsection}[1]{\stepcounter{subesanr} {\theesanr.\arabic{subesanr}~~#1} \nopagebreak \par} \newcommand{\esasubsubsection}[1]{\stepcounter{subsubesanr} {\theesanr.\arabic{subesanr}.\arabic{subsubesanr}~~#1.~~}} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% footnotesize captions \def\figurename{\footnotesize Figure} \def\tablename{\footnotesize Table} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% BibTeX %% ADAPT: the following two definitions should be adapted by BibTeX users, %% commented out by non-BiBTeX users (who have to type all references) %% (edit the -.BBL file for ?? etc) %%\def\bibfiles{journals,books,gfatom,lineform,rotwaves} %% xxx.BIB files %%\def\esareferences{\bibliographystyle{esabib}\bibliography{\bibfiles}} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% redefinition References section header \def\thebibliography#1{\par \vspace{2ex} \begin{center} {REFERENCES} \end{center} \nopagebreak \vspace*{-1.3ex} \list {\arabic{enumi}.}{\settowidth\labelwidth{3ex}\leftmargin\labelwidth \advance\leftmargin\labelsep \usecounter{enumi}} \def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus -.07em} \sloppy \sfcode`\.=1000\relax} \let\endthebibliography=\endlist %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% START \begin{document} \esaspacing{0.9091} \parskip=0ex \parindent=0ex \small %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ADAPT: insert your own stuff from here %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \twocolumn[{% \begin{center} {\large \bf SOHO AND SOLAR RYDBERG LINES}\\[4ex] %% capitals {\normalsize \bf R.J. Rutten$^1$, M. Carlsson$^2$, and N.G. Shchukina$^3$}\\[4ex] \begin{minipage}[t]{16cm} \begin{tabbing} %% accents with e.g. \a' instead of \' $^1$ Sterrekundig Instituut, Postbus 80\,000,NL--3508TA Utrecht, The Netherlands; rrutten@solar.stanford.edu\\ $^2$ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, P.O.~Box 1029, Blindern, N--0315 Oslo, Norway; mcarlssonsolar.stanford.edu\\ $^3$ Main Astronomical Observatory, 252127 Kiev, Ukraine nshchukina@solar.stanford.edu\\ \end{tabbing} \end{minipage} \end{center}}] %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ABSTRACT \begin{center} {ABSTRACT} \end{center} \vspace*{-1.3ex} \parskip=1ex %% NOTE: abstract less than 150 words We found out everything you ever want to know about solar Rydberg lines. Therefore there is no need for SOHO to observe the infrared; anyhow, these lines are boring. The ultraviolet has more promise. Keywords: Rydberg lines, paradigm, conundrum, doldrum. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% INTRODUCTION \esasection{INTRODUCTION} The existence of two emission features in the solar spectrum near 12~$\mu$m was announced by Murcray et al.\ \cite{Murcray+others1981}, after they had earlier been noticed by Testerman and Brault and had even been handmasked out of the spectrum atlas of Goldman et al.\ \cite{Goldman+others1980} on the suspicion of being artifacts. We have now explained them \cite{Carlsson+Rutten+Shchukina1992a}, and also the hydrogen Rydberg lines in the solar infrared \cite{Carlsson+Rutten1992a}; so the subject is closed and we should turn to the ultraviolet and SOHO. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% COMPUTATIONS \esasection{MODEL COMPUTATIONS} \esasubsection{Constraints} NLTE departure diffusion occurs in the upper reaches of the Mg\,I Grotrian diagram in the Sun which is akin to optically-thin collisional-radiative recombination along Rydberg levels in tenuous plasmas (Fig.\,\ref{fig:kayaker}). \begin{figure}[hbtp] \vspace{5cm} %% ADAPT: size of paste-in figures \caption[]{\label{fig:kayaker} This beautiful Mats Carlsson production shows the quintessence of Rydberg departure diffusion from the kayaker's perspective---a grade-five waterfall} \end{figure} \esasubsection{Method} \esasubsubsection{Radiative transfer} We have solved the statistical equilibrium and radiative transfer equations for all relevant levels and frequencies in Mg\,I for a given standard model of the solar atmosphere, using the operator perturbation technique of Scharmer \& Carlsson \cite{Scharmer+Carlsson1985}. It was a lot of work, especially for Mats' workstation. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CONCLUSIONS \esasection{CONCLUSIONS} We have succeeded in explaining the formation of the enigmatic Mg\,I 12~$\mu$m emission features. They arise through population depletion by line photon losses and population replenishment from the ionic reservoir through highly excited levels. A Rydberg-channel replenishment flow is realized by collisionally-dominated population diffusion via ladder-wise departure divergence. SOHO is not realized by collisionally-dominated processes, we hope, although sometimes it looks like it; nevertheless, ladder-wise MAU diffusion from highly excited ESA levels will certainly hasten its departure and divergence from earth. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS \vspace*{3ex} {\sl Acknowledgement.}~~We, especially the first author, thank Luc Dam\'e for getting us to do yet another job, i.e.\ preparing this quickie template. ESA should do better. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% REFERENCES %%\esareferences %% NOTE for BibTeX users: %% I used the above command and BibTeX to generate an ESAPROC.BBL file %% with all the references selected by the \cite labels fully %% automatically from my xxx.BIB database files, with my ESABIB.BST %% bibliography style file. The latter is based on the %% standard file UNSRT.BST (see Lamport LaTeX manual, page 74). %% ESABIB.BST does a fair job of emulating ESA practices %% but the in-text references aren't yet ESA style %% (they are [..] now but should be (Ref.\ ..) instead), %% and all the authors remain listed in the references. %% I then commented "\esareferences" out and merged the %% ESAPROC.BBL file below. %% I didn't change it here, but it may be edited, for example %% replacing "Carlsson, Rutten, Shchukina" by "Carlsson \& al", %% the way ESA likes it. (I don't, in this case; neither does Natasha.) %% Remember that LaTeX must be run TWICE to get \cite's right. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% start of ESAPROC.BBL \begin{thebibliography}{1} \bibitem{Murcray+others1981} Murcray, F.~J., Goldman, A., Murcray, F.~H., Bradford, C.~M., Murcray, D.~G., Coffey, M.~T. \& Mankin, W.~G. \newblock 1981, Observation of new emission lines in the infrared solar spectrum near 12.33, 12.22 and 7.38 microns, {\em Astrophys.\ J.}, 247, L97--99. \bibitem{Goldman+others1980} Goldman, A., Blatherwick, R.~D., Murcray, F., van Allen, J.~W., Bradford, C.~M., Cook, G.~R. \& Murcray, D.~G., 1980, {\em New Atlas of Infrared Solar Spectra. Volume I: Line Positions and Identifications, Volume II: The Spectra} \newblock Department of Physics, University of Denver. \bibitem{Carlsson+Rutten+Shchukina1992a} Carlsson, M., Rutten, R.~J. \& Shchukina, N.~G. \newblock 1992, The formation of the Mg\,I emission features near 12~$\mu$m, {\em Astron.\ Astrophys.}, 253, 567--585. \bibitem{Carlsson+Rutten1992a} Carlsson, M. \& Rutten, R.~J. \newblock 1992, Solar hydrogen lines in the infrared, {\em Astron.\ Astrophys.}, submitted. \bibitem{Scharmer+Carlsson1985} Scharmer, G.~B. \& Carlsson, M. \newblock 1985, A new approach to multi-level non-lte radiative transfer problems, {\em J.\ Comput.\ Phys.}, 59, 56--80. \end{thebibliography} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% end of ESAPROC.BBL file %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% END \end{document} %% figure templette %========================================================= fig_xx \begin{figure}[htbp] %% use {figure*} for page-wide two-column figures \centerline{\psfig{figure=fig_xx.ps,width=??cm}} %% use above command for PSFIG inserts %% fig_xx.ps is your postscript figure file name %% use multiple \psfig commands for adjacent figures \vspace{4cm} %% use above command for paste-in figures smaller than %% a full page \vbox to \textheight{\hbox{} \vfill %% use above command and extra } at caption end for %% a full-page paste-in figure \caption[]{\label{fig:xx} Caption text here.} \end{figure} %% refer to figure: Fig.~\ref{fig:xx} %% Figure~\ref{fig:xx} at start of sentence %================================================================ %% table templette %======================================================= table_xx \begin{table}[htbp] %% use {table*} for two-column page-wide tables \caption[]{\label{tab:xx} %% adapt label Caption text here.} %% adapt caption \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{lll} %% example for 3-column table \hline title & title & title 3\\ %% adapt column titles \hline item & item & item \\ %% adapt column items item & item & item\\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{table} %% refer to table: Table~\ref{tab:xx} %================================================================